Classification of swimmers, their types and personal characteristics. The effect of swimming on the body. The value of scuba diving
Swimming is one of the most popular and record-breaking sports. People have long begun to compete in water and compare results: who will swim further, who will last the longest under water, who will overcome the distance faster? Being among the best is not so easy. This requires physical fitness, high labor costs, strength, endurance and, of course, the desire to win! Be inspired by the great achievements of the best swimmers in the world, believe in yourself and your strength, this will help you achieve high results in sports. Enjoy reading!
The best swimmers in the world
Mark Spitz(Modesto, California, USA)
Nickname - "Moustached Shark". Nine-time Olympic champion in swimming.
The love for swimming appeared in the champion since childhood. At the age of 3, he already swam well, at 5 he began to compete, and at 10 he won his first victories and became the owner of 17 national and 1 world records. When the swimmer was 15, he won 4 gold medals at the Olympic Games in Maccabian (Israel).
Mark Spitz is a pioneer who managed to win 7 gold medals at one Olympic Games in 1972 in Munich. Each of the awards was supplemented by a world record. After these games, the swimmer completes his sports career. In total, Mark Spitz recorded 33 world records.
- Mark Spitz stood out from the rest of the athletes for his laziness and cowardice. They don't call him "the lazy jock" for nothing. Before the performance, the coach gave him a "magic pill" that would help him win. In reality, it was just ordinary glucose - the placebo effect worked all the time.
- To the coach’s question: “Does the mustache interfere during the competition?” Mark replied that they even help to keep water away from his mouth, thereby contributing to a more streamlined body and increased speed. At the next competition, all Soviet athletes performed with a mustache.
- Becoming famous, Mark Spitz began to appear in many commercials. Once, on a live commercial for shaving accessories, he shaved off his famous mustache for a million dollars!
- He was awarded the title "Swimmer of the Year" three times.
Michael Phelps(Baltimore, Maryland)
Nickname - "Baltimore Bullet". 23-time World Swimming Champion.
Michael Phelps can safely be called one of the greatest and most honored swimmers in history. Phelps' sports career is a series of endless victories and achievements! The champion starts setting records at the age of 16. In total, he has 28 Olympic medals and 29 individual world records in his arsenal.
In 2001, Michael Phelps set his first world record in the 200m butterfly. The next glory came to the athlete after 3 years at the Athens Olympics: 8 awards, 6 of them - gold medals!
At the championship in Melbourne in 2007, Michael Phelps confidently took 7 more gold medals. A year later, at the Beijing Olympics, the swimmer again surprises the world with his victories. Michael wins 8 gold medals, beating Mark Spitz's record of 36 years (7 gold medals in the Olympics alone).
The athlete's career ended in 2016. Now he is married to model Nicole Johnson, they are raising a young son.
Interesting facts about the athlete
- Champion is the author of 2 books: Under the Surface: My Story (2008) and Unlimited: The Pursuit of Success (2009).
- Michael drinks a very large amount of water a day. The Guinness Book of Records even included a case when he drank 91 liters per day, that is, more than he weighs.
- In addition to his athletic achievements, Michael Phelps is famous for his diet, which involves eating 10,000 calories a day!
- The swimmer has a non-standard leg size - 47. The arm span is 201 - 203 cm, which is 10 cm more than the athlete's own height!
- Phelps has been awarded Swimmer of the Year 7 times.
- In 2004, in the city of Baltimore, where the swimmer was born, one of the streets was named after him.
Classes on the side and on the water for two and a half - three hours every day were the norm for me. I set a goal: to always be the first. Somewhere it turned out, in something it didn’t, but I never deviated from this rule. Michael Phelps
Laszlo Czech(Budapest, Hungary)
150-time Hungarian champion, 32-time European champion, three-time Universiade 2011 champion.
The swimmer received his first well-deserved award in 2003 at the World Championships - silver in the 400-meter distance in a complex swimming type. The period from 2003 to 2015 turned out to be very successful for Cech - he never left the competition without awards! In the 50m, Laszlo has won at least two medals and one gold at seven European Championships in a row. Several times Cech competed with Michael Phelps, but lost to him and left with silver.
Interesting facts about the athlete
- Before each competition, Laszlo Cech shaves his head.
- In 2015, he was recognized as the best swimmer in Europe according to the LEN (European Swimming League).
Ian Thorpe(Sydney, Australia)
Nickname - "torpedo". 5-time Olympic champion and multiple world champion.
Ian Thorpe is one of the strongest swimmers in the world. In 1998 in Perth (Australia), Jan won his first gold and became the youngest champion in history. Agree, not bad for a 16-year-old guy who went swimming just out of boredom?
In the period from 2000 to 2004, the swimmer won 5 gold medals at the Olympic Games. Received 11 awards at world championships. After the Olympics, the athlete became more famous. Many well-known companies such as Adidas, Coca-Cola, Omega signed a contract with Yang. The swimmer transferred part of the money received from advertising to charitable purposes.
Interesting facts about the athlete
- At first, swimming was not easy for the champion due to an allergic reaction to chlorine. Despite this, Ian Thorpe overcame it and received his first medal at the age of 9! At 14, he was already on the Australian national team.
- Ian Thorpe spends 40 hours a week in the water.
- He received the nickname "torpedo" when, before reaching adulthood, he showed excellent results in competitions and began to win gold medals.
Alexander Popov (Sverdlovsk - 45, Russia)
Nickname - "Russian rocket". Four-time Olympic champion, six-time world champion, 21-time European champion.
A series of great victories begins in 1991 at the European Championships in Athens - where the swimmer takes 4 gold medals. In 1993, Alexander receives 2 more golds at the European Championship. A year later, the swimmer wins the world record at the Roman World Championships. The next year, the champion adds 4 awards to his collection: two personal and two team.
The swimmer became famous at the 1996 Olympics, where he again took 2 gold, leaving strong rivals behind. In the same year, Alexander was seriously wounded in a street skirmish, but this did not break him. After rehabilitation at the competitions in Seville, he surprised everyone by becoming European champion twice!
In 1998, Alexander Popov won gold medals for the third time. The swimmer receives the Outstanding Swimmer's Cup of the last decade from the IFP (International Swimming Federation). After 2 years, the swimmer breaks the world record at a distance of 50 meters. After 5 years, the swimmer ends his sports career.
Interesting facts about the athlete
- Footage from the life of a swimmer, from a stab wound and treatment, to a return to sporting achievements, was captured in the sports drama Champions: Faster. Above. Stronger". Since 2016, the champion has been a member of the Anti-Doping Commission of the Russian Olympic Committee.
- Since 2016, the champion has been a member of the Anti-Doping Commission of the Russian Olympic Committee.
Chad Le Clos(Durban, South Africa)
He is the 2012 Olympic champion, multiple world champion and Commonwealth Games champion.
He is the 2012 Olympic champion, multiple world champion and Commonwealth Games champion.
Chad Le Clos has been swimming since a very young age. From a young age, he already competed. At 11, he received his first gold medals at the competitions held in the Kings Park swimming pool. In 2010, at the Commonwealth Games, the South African swimmer took a set of awards: 2 gold, 1 silver and 2 bronze medals. In the same year, at the World Championships, Chad won 1 gold in short distances.
In the period from 2011 to 2012, the swimmer shocks with his stunning victories. At the Summer Olympics in London, Chad Le Clos won gold and silver medals. On one of the heats, he beat Michael Phelps himself three times, whom he had never even met before!
In 2013, the swimmer again sets records: at distances of 100 and 200 meters. A year later, at a tournament in Doha, Chad set his first world record in the 100m, and a year later in the 200m.
Interesting facts about the athlete
- It is a favorite of many girls due to its charm. Swimmer's Instagram - @chadleclos92.
- He also enjoys football and is a fan of the Manchester United team.
Ryan Lochte(Rochester, New York, USA)
Nickname - "Majestic". He is a six-time Olympic champion, the owner of 39 gold medals at the world championships.
In terms of his sporting achievements, Ryan is right behind Michael Phelps. Some of his records are still unbeaten!
The first award was presented at the Athens Olympics in 2004. Then, in the 4x200 freestyle relay, he won gold, and then silver at a distance of 200 meters, losing only to Michael Phelps.
The champion receives the next award at the competitions in Melbourne in 2007. It was then that he set his first world record in the 200-meter backstroke. As a result, the swimmer takes 2 gold and 2 silver. No less successful were the games in Beijing in 2008 for the swimmer. On them he received 2 gold and 2 bronze.
Interesting facts about the athlete
- At the 2012 World Championships in Istanbul, Ryan gave his gold medal to a little boy. He said that when he was little himself, a famous swimmer sent him to hell. And since then, he promised himself that he would never mistreat the little ones.
- Ryan has been named the best swimmer in the world twice by FINA Aquatics World.
- In addition to performing at competitions, Ryan Lochte is fond of the fashion world. He has signed a contract with some big companies (Speedo, Gatorade) and acts as a model. He also enjoys other sports: basketball, skateboarding, recently started to get involved in surfing.
- He was suspended for 14 months for an Instagram photo where he was injected with a vitamin injection banned by the anti-doping agency FINA.
Great mood is the key to success
Your results directly depend on the psychological mood. Adhere to the psychological attitude - "I am strong, I can." The result will not keep you waiting.
Warm up
A 15-20 minute warm-up before training allows you to warm up your muscles, prepare your cardiovascular system for physical activity and significantly reduce the risk of injury.
Maintain optimal body position in the water
Make sure that your body in the water is stretched "as if on a string." This will contribute to less water resistance and increase speed. The face should be under water and look down. Keep your elbow in a raised position.
Follow the stroke
The stroke should be done with outstretched arms. "Long" strokes are the most efficient and require less energy. When swimming freestyle, the fingers must enter the water first. This way you reduce the risk of shoulder injury.
Municipal autonomous educational institution
additional education
"Center of children's creativity"
World class leading swimmers
The ability to swim is a vital skill that allows a person to feel much freer and more confident in the world around him.
Prepared by: Teacher of additional education
highest qualification category
Boyko Albina Vladimirovna
Birobidzhan 2015
Vladimir Salnikov President of the Swimming Federation of the Russian Federation
Date of birth: May 21, 1960 Place of birth: Leningrad Place of residence: Height: 1.81 m Weight: 74 kg
Specialization: 400 and 1500 m/s
Four-time Olympic champion,
four times world champion,
six-time European champion and
multiple world record holder
near Sverdlovsk-45 (now Lesnoy) Residence: Moscow Height: 2.00 m Weight: 89 kg
50 m back
Four-time Olympic champion
Date of birth: April 30, 1983 Place of birth: Place of residence: Moscow Height: 1.84 m Weight: 83 kg
Specialization: 50 and 100 m butterfly
Captain of the Russian swimming team.
World Champion, European Champion
(Moscow region) Place of residence: Penza Height: 1.82 m Weight: 70 kg
Specialization: 50, 100 and 200 m backstroke
World champion, vice-champion of the Olympic Games 2012
Date of birth: April 3, 1992 Place of birth: Grozny Place of residence: Taganrog Height: 1.82 m Weight: 60 kg
Specialization: breaststroke
Bronze medalist of the 2012 Olympic Games in London, three-time world champion, three-time European champion
Danila Izotov
Height: 1.95 m Weight: 76 kg
Specialization: 100 and 200 m/s
Winner of the Olympic Games and World Championships, European champion.
Danila Izotov
Michael Phelps (left), Paul Biderman (center) and Danila Izotov
Date of birth: March 19, 1997 Place of birth: Kaunas (Lithuania) Place of residence: Plymouth (UK) Height: 1.72 m Weight: 64 kg
Specialization: 50 and 100 m/s,
50 and 100 m breaststroke
Olympic champion (2012) and world champion (2013)
Date of birth: June 30, 1985 Place of birth: Baltimore (USA) Place of residence: Height: 1.93 m Weight: 88 kg
Specialization: 100, 200 m butterfly,
200 and 400 m c / p,
100, 200, 400 m sun, 100 and 200 m backstroke
18-time Olympic champion, 26-time world champion
The secret to swimming success
not in the height or girth of the biceps,
but in amazing diligence, unique efficiency
and unwavering faith in yourself!
Prepared by - Boyko A.V.
kopilkaurokov.ru
Problems of formation of individual swimming technique
Along with the swimming load in the training plan, an important place is given to the improvement in technique. What is the relationship between technology and work associated with loads, with physiological effects?
Consider the most modern idea of the freestyle swimming technique. In the twenties, the most important characteristic of freestyle swimming was the movement of the arms, similar to the movement of the wings of a windmill. Almost no attention was paid to foot movements. In 1932, the Japanese came to the conclusion that when swimming freestyle, the main role in moving the body forward is played by the legs. Thus, a variant of the slow pace of movement of the hands and their sliding (in freestyle swimming) was born. Since 1956, arm movements have come to the fore, and coaches have again started talking about the hands that are the main thing in moving the body forward. The role of the legs was reduced only to the fact that they must provide the swimmer with balance - a flat, streamlined position of the body in the water. Around the time of the Tokyo Olympics, it was again discovered that it was possible to propel with footwork and that energy should be put to the service of achieving greater swimming speed.
According to the latest ideas, the position of the freestyle athlete in the water should be flat, and the head should be in line with the body. It is out of the question to raise your head high, as Johnny Weissmuller recommended and did in his time to ensure a high body position in the water. The second important point of view: at present, not only is it universally recognized, but even taught, rotation around the longitudinal axis of the body. This system activates the upper large muscles of the chest and back. Turns of the body by 45-50 ° in both directions can be seen quite often, moreover, there are many cases when this “roll” reaches even 60 °. Serpentine movements to the right and left are also noted. In swimmers with more energetic, tempo leg movements, these fluctuations to the right and left are often barely noticeable to the eye, but as for athletes who swim by force, such movements are striking. Basically, everything is determined by the swimmer's constitution. Swimmers with flexible builds swim more beautifully and gracefully than swimmers with powerful builds. This difference in body constitution should be recognized by coaches at the very beginning of training with a swimmer.
The latest fashion regarding foot movements is their shallow immersion, an almost imperceptible crawl, in which even the largest deviation of the foot does not go beyond the line of the cross-section of the body. This is due to the fact that when swimming in freestyle, first of all, the athlete is moved forward by the arms, while the legs support the body in balance, performing the same role as the arms when running.
Nowadays, many coaches require the swimmer to have "narrowed" leg movements, as they are afraid that the splashes that occur during vigorous leg movements dissipate forces and delay the swimmer's progress. Of course, such a danger, especially for swimmers with relaxed ankles, does exist. It has been confirmed by mechanics that when swimming in freestyle, the movements of the legs only represent a source of force that moves the body forward until the legs, moving simultaneously from the lower and upper points, almost touch one another. Obviously, if we want to use the movements of the legs to move the swimmer as quickly as possible, then they must approach one another with force, and then very easily move away from each other.
We can say that every modern coach has his own theory regarding the cycle of movement of the hands under water in freestyle swimming. Most of them believe that underwater movements should be performed with arms bent at the elbows. In the air, the arms can be either extended or bent, raised high or low above the water, and lowered into the water at the width of the shoulders or in the line of the longitudinal axis of the body. All this is of no fundamental importance. Hand movements in the air in no way affect the speed of swimming, and hence the result.
Such movements can only indirectly affect swimming speed, since in freestyle swimming the arms move alternately. The path and direction of a hand above the surface of the water can affect the path and direction of a hand moving underwater.
According to most experts, the arms should move underwater bent at the elbows. As for the angle of the bend of the elbow and the force of the push, opinions differ here. For example, Steve Clark, the world's fastest swimmer, performs underwater with his arm completely extended, and James Councilman swimmers prefer to bend their arms under water so that their fingers almost touch the chest.
Basically, we make freestyle swimmers the same requirements as backstroke swimmers: those who are taller than average or have long arms swim with bent arms. Short stature swimmers with relatively short arms, like most Japanese swimmers, perform underwater movements with their arms outstretched.
It should be noted that the degree of bending of the arms depends entirely on the individual data of the swimmer. The length and strength of the arms, the size of the palm determine the degree of flexion. Summing up all this, we easily come to the conclusion that for each swimmer the most natural movement of the arms will at the same time be the most expedient movement.
In recent years, coaches have attached great importance to the movements of the hands in the jerking phase. Said jerking phase is part of the movement of the arm from the waist to the hip. Much has been said about swimmer breathing patterns and breath timing.
The analysis shows that most freestyle swimmers use explosive breathing: after inhaling, they hold the air for a short time, and then exhale it vigorously into the water. Apparently, this is the most natural way of breathing in water, a variant of normal breathing used in conditions of being in water.
From the point of view of swimming technique, the moment when the hand in front reaches the surface of the water is most suitable for inhalation, and the hand from which the inhalation is made completes the pushing movement or is just emerging from the water.
The inhalation should never coincide with the movement of any of the hands that provide the swimmer with progress, since in this case it will interfere with the work of the muscles that contribute to the advancement.
Despite this, many of the strongest swimmers take a breath at the moment when his hand rushes forward (the second hand at this time is in the middle of the jerking movement). All this shows that even well-founded recommendations on swimming technique should not be regarded as some kind of immutable laws or recipes.
Most of the strongest swimmers use the so-called breath-holding method. Undoubtedly, a swimmer swims faster without inhalation, since his position in the water is “smoother”, and there are no body vibrations that occur involuntarily during breathing. Hans Joachim Klein, speaking in the finals of the Budapest Universiade in the 100m swim, took only four breaths during the first 50m. In the second half, he swam the first 43-44 m breathing normally, and the last 6-7 m - with his head down and without breathing.
In this, indisputably effective way of breathing, the limits are determined by the degree of supply of the swimmer's body with oxygen.
As for the coordination of the movements of the arms and legs, the most natural option would be six strokes, that is, there are six leg movements for one complete cycle of arm movements. However, a similar rhythm of movement among the strongest swimmers is used in a different way. Some swimmers use this rhythm once or twice with a 90° turn to perform scissor kicks. Other swimmers who have one leg stronger than the other sometimes resort to the four-stroke variation. There is a special option when, swimming in a six-stroke crawl, the swimmer performs the first four strokes with his feet, and misses the last two. The variety of options indicates that the definition of the rhythm of foot movements is individual in nature, which should not be taught, much less slavishly imitated.
We looked at the various views that have developed in the field of freestyle swimming. The strongest swimmers in the world achieve records using a wide variety of techniques, and many of them show a technique that a coach, brought up in the old traditions, would by no means recognize as correct in a novice swimmer. And yet, with the help of just such a technique, some swimmers set world records.
The fact that it is very dangerous to change individual technique, we were convinced with great bitterness by the sudden backlog of several Hungarians who promised to become world-class swimmers. What is the more or less appropriate approach to the formation and improvement of individual technique?
In the practice of the best Hungarian specialists, the method according to which swimmers "in the same breath" quickly swam short segments has justified itself many times. We have already said that when swimming without breathing, the swimming technique is formed and improved. At such a moment, the athlete discovers for himself and shows which of the variants of technique best suits his data. Starting from this moment, the coach strives to understand the swimming technique of his ward and achieve correct breathing from him.
Separate technical exercises are a good tool in themselves (for example, starts, leg and arm movements, turns, etc.). The athlete himself performs these elements of technology in the way that they are best suited to his individual data. The advantage of swimming technique exercises is that they can be performed, for example, in interval training, and the load can be medium. In some cases, we may conduct training in technique and conditions appropriate to the competition.
Any swimming technique is good as long as it does not contradict the basic principles of hydrodynamics or the laws of motion. If the swimmer moves easily in the water under relatively heavy loads and does not get too tired, then in all probability his movements are economical and his technique is good. All this should be taken into account in the first place when training adolescent swimmers, since in subsequent years it will hardly be possible to successfully correct the wrong swimming movements that have taken root in them.
In table. 3 we present the annual training plan for 11 - 13 year old swimmers.
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Sailing history » Sportivny Murmansk
He can neither read nor swim ”- such a wonderful formula-characteristic was given to an uncultured person by the ancient Greeks. Figures of swimmers carved on stones, images of swimming men on ancient papyri and vases tell about the use of swimming in military affairs, work, and everyday life more than three thousand years before our era. It is known from history that famous swimmers were, for example, Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar, who competed in swimming for speed more than 2000 years ago in Japan.
Swimming began to acquire a sporting character from the middle of the 19th century. In Vienna in Austria, in Liverpool in England, in Berlin, the first indoor pools were built at that time, which were initially used mainly for teaching swimming to future officers, students of cadet corps and military schools. At the same time, the construction of swimming pools made swimming not only a military discipline, but also a sport, and by the end of the 19th century, swimming as a sport was already becoming popular. In 1890 the first European championship was held, and a little later, in 1896. Swimming was included in the program of the first modern Olympic Games, and since then it has been consistently included in the number of Olympic sports. At the beginning of the twenties of our century, a number of outstanding swimmers appeared (for example, the Olympic champion in 1924, 1928 D. Weissmuller, A. Charlton, etc.), who applied new swimming methods and immediately raised their results. The first swimmer to show a result of less than 1 minute in the 100-meter distance. and on the 400-meter less than 5 minutes, became D. Weissmuller. In 1908 The International Swimming Federation (FINA) was founded. Before its creation, swimming competitions, including the Olympic ones, were held in a wide variety of areas of open water, often inaccurately measured, according to a different program, either in meters or yards. The International Federation immediately subordinated to certain rules both the holding of swimming competitions and the registration of world records. FINA determined that Olympic competitions could only be held in 50 or 100-meter pools, and since 1924, competitions at the Olympic Games have been held in 50-meter pools. At the same time, the strongest countries in sports swimming were determined - Australia, the USA, England, Hungary, Germany, and later - Japan. Throughout the twentieth century, coaches and athletes have been looking for more advanced training methods and working to improve swimming technique.
The development of swimming, of course, is greatly influenced by such natural factors as favorable temperature conditions, convenient water spaces, and reservoirs. In recent decades, the number of pools has become increasingly important. Artificial outdoor and indoor pools in developed countries make swimming truly massive. Indoor Olympic swimming pool at the 1996 Games. and Atlanta was built for speed sailing. Deep water, an ingenious drainage system, lane markers that dampen the wave all reduce the turbulence that would normally slow swimmers down. At the 1996 Games swimmers played 32 sets of awards - 16 for men and 16 for women.
The first women's Olympic swim took place in 1912. The women's program in Atlanta included:
The top eight swimmers in the morning heats qualify for the finals, which are usually held the same evening. Before competition, many athletes shave their body hair, and often their head, to reduce water resistance. Probably, the main thing is that at the same time the athlete himself believes that he swims faster. The winner is the swimmer who first touches the wall of the pool. Perhaps the most outstanding Olympian among swimmers is the American Mark Spitz, who won at one Olympics in Munich in 1972. seven gold medals. Olympic water sports include, in addition to swimming, synchronized swimming, diving, and water polo. The first Russian swimming school, where systematic training was carried out, was the Shuvalov school. It was organized in 1913. in the suburbs of St. Petersburg - Shuvalovo. It had about 300 members and candidates. These were predominantly students of secondary and higher educational institutions of St. Petersburg. The school existed until 1917. in Moscow in 1912. The Moscow Society of Swimming Lovers was organized, which conducted classes not only in summer, but also in winter in the pool at the Sandunovsky baths.
Sports swimming in Russia during these years took its first steps, trainings were held in open water, the results were not high. Russian swimmers took their first participation in the Olympic Games in 1912. in Stockholm, they were not successful. In total, there were hardly 1,500 swimmers in pre-revolutionary Russia. Those who started sports swimming in the USSR in the twenties created their own swimming technique, their own, domestic training methods, but all their best achievements in those years could not even be compared with world records. Sports specialization did not exist in those years. The same faces swam, jumped from the tower and from the springboard, played water polo. In 1925 In Leningrad, a 25-meter winter swimming pool appeared, in which year-round training took place. In Moscow, the first two winter pools appeared in 1930. and in 1931. In the thirties, L. Meshkov and S. Boychenko shone, who repeatedly updated world records in butterfly swimming at distances of 100 and 200 m. But their most important victories were not included in the lists of officially recognized world records, since the USSR Swimming Federation was accepted as a member of FINA only in 1947. The Soviet Olympic team opened the scoring for Olympic medals at the 1960 Games. in Rome, however, it was only a bronze medal in diving. The most triumphant in the history of Soviet swimming is considered to be the Moscow Games of 1980, in which the USSR national team won seven Olympic gold medals. But these were actually games without rivals. Games 1976 in Montreal were notable not only for the fact that M. Koshevaya at a distance of 200m breaststroke repeated the Tokyo success of G. Prozumenshchikova, but for the very fact of the amazing success of the women's team, which won five medals out of six possible in the breaststroke. in Barcelona in 1992. The Commonwealth of Independent States team made a splash, ahead of the usual favorites - the swimmers of the American team. It can be said that thanks to the efforts of Evgeny Sadovoy and Alexander Popov, the city of Volgograd gathered an unprecedented harvest of medals in Barcelona. Popov won gold medals in the 50m and 100m freestyle and individual medley events. E. Sadovy won two gold medals in freestyle swimming at distances of 200 and 400m, did the main thing for victory in the 4x200m relay, setting an Olympic and two world records at these Games. It was a matter of honor for the Americans to return the palm in the swimming sprint at the Atlanta Games. But Alexander Popov again became the winner in the 50m freestyle and 100m freestyle, and Denis Pankratov became the Olympic champion in the 100m butterfly and 200m butterfly. They say that predictions in sports are a thankless task. Before Atlanta, the coaches of the Russian team assumed that male swimmers could win 4 gold, 3 silver and 2 bronze Olympic medals. Many believed that even "silver" does not shine at any women's distance in Atlanta. The results are as follows: - men: 4 gold 2 silver 2 bronze Olympic medals - the women's team at the Games - 96 did not win a single Olympic medal in swimming. In other Olympic water sports at the Olympics-96, D. Sautin became the champion in diving from a tower, and Irina Lashko won a silver medal in ski jumping. Russian athletes, including those in water sports, proved in Atlanta that despite political, social and economic problems, sport in Russia is at the highest level.
sport-51.ru
Our heroes | Swimming
Sports swimming in our country began to develop widely only after the October Revolution. In a relatively short period of time, it has gained popularity and mass development. However, the skill of our older swimmers lagged behind the best world achievements. Nevertheless, more than thirty years ago, individual Soviet swimmers amazed the world with their achievements. If you remember their names, wonderful pages from the history of national sports will come to life. So, for a decade, all world records in breaststroke belonged to only two Soviet athletes - Semyon Boychenko and Leonid Meshkov.
It has long been known that swimming is a sport for young people. The history of swimming in our country and abroad is replete with examples of record achievements of young swimmers. More than thirty years ago, 16-year-old Leningrader Claudia Aleshina was the country's unsurpassed record holder. At the same age, Moscow schoolgirl Yulia Kochetkova set absolute country records in swimming on her back and crawl. At the same time, 17-year-old Vitaly Ushakov began a successful assault on crawl swimming records in Moscow swimming pools. His record in 1941 for 100 meters was 57 seconds.
The Olympic Games in Tokyo once again convincingly showed that youth is a golden time for sports victories and records on the blue tracks. Girls and boys became the winners of the Olympiad and world record holders. Only one Australian Dawn Fraser was 27 years old.
This talented athlete and three-time Olympic champion is jokingly called the "grandmother" of swimming.
Dawn Frazier is the first woman to break the minute mark in the 100m freestyle (crawl) swimming with a phenomenal time of 58.8 seconds. Fraser's athletic longevity can be attributed not only to her abilities, but also to the fact that she learned to swim at the age of 5 and began sports training early.
All the other winners in Tokyo were very young. 18-year-old American Don Shollander managed to win 4 gold medals in freestyle swimming in Tokyo. 16-year-old American schoolgirl Sharon Stouder set a world record by swimming the 100-meter butterfly in 59.9 seconds. The Soviet schoolgirl Galina Prozumenshchikova, who received a gold medal in Tokyo for setting an Olympic record in the 200-meter breaststroke, was not 16 years old.
Soviet breaststrokers again became the best in the world. Even in the pre-Olympic starts at competitions in Berlin, Georgy Prokopenko managed to repeat the world record of the American swimmer Yastremsky at a distance of 200 meters. In Tokyo, George improved his result and set a European record, showing 2 minutes 29.6 seconds.
The bronze medal was won by our second world record holder - a student from Tashkent Svetlana Babanina. Now Svetlana Babanina is the strongest in the world in the 100m breaststroke.
The next, XIX Olympic Games will be held in Mexico City. And we will not be mistaken if we say that it is the youth who will continue their victorious march in competitions in swimming and other sports.
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Specialized classes of the Olympic reserve in swimming 6
One of the most important trends in the development of world sports swimming is a further decrease in the age at which swimmers show their highest achievements. Thus, the age of the majority of swimmers who, during 1974 and the first half of 1975, managed to update world records (K. Ender, S. Babashoff, D. Terrell, K. Yusten, K. Linke, W. Richter, W. Tauber , S. Holland, T. Shaw and others), - 15-17 years old. A swimmer takes an average of 5 years to go from a junior category to a world record. This means that he should begin to train regularly from the age of 10-12, that is, girls - from the fourth to fifth, and boys - from the fifth to sixth grades. With them, and you need to start recruiting the classes of the Olympic reserve-80. Therefore, it is impossible, as is done in a number of cities, to create sports classes only for older students: before graduation, they do not have time to achieve the highest degree of mastery. Where there is a well-established educational work in swimming with preschoolers and first-graders (Magadan, Cheboksary, Kharkov - Dynamo, Dnepropetrovsk - Meteor, etc.), sports classes can be completed even earlier.
Given the inevitable screening, it is best to create two initial sports classes: it is easier to fully staff such classes with only swimmers. And this is a very important condition, because swimmers must have their own specific daily routine that allows them to spend at least two training sessions a day in the pool: the first one before the start of school lessons, the second one after them or a little later.
Sports classes began to be created experimentally in the country three or four years ago. At first, the public education authorities and school directors were reluctant to do so. Time has shown that the school gets great benefits from sports classes. Studying in them, children are accustomed to a strict daily routine, become more disciplined, more collected, more accurate; their health is strengthened, their academic performance in general subjects is increased. Taking into account all these positive aspects, the Ministry of Education of the USSR at the end of 1974 issued a special decree (see the newspaper "Soviet Sport" of December 27, 1974), allowing the creation of sports classes in the country. Now the success of the business depends on the desire and efficiency of the leaders of sports organizations, directors of the Youth Sports School, swimming coaches, and parents.
The current spring and summer are of particular importance for the qualitative selection, recruitment and timely (since September 1, 1976) start of classes in the Olympic reserve-80 classes. This is the most important preparatory period. In the very near future, it is necessary to determine the schools and the number of sports classes created at them. Local sports committees and departments of public education should consider and adopt a joint plan for the recruitment of such classes, select pioneer camps with swimming pools, where candidates for sports classes can be selected in the summer. It is necessary to select the best coaches for the preparation of future Olympians and to solve many other organizational issues. Yes, there are a lot of them, and they are not easy. But by common efforts, they can be solved wherever there are already swimming pools and at least a few full-time trainers. From the current academic year, classes of the Olympic reserve, purposeful for 1980, should begin their lives there.
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Two swimming coaches, Australians Paul Newsom and Adam Young, wrote an interesting book "Efficient Swimming. Training Methods for Swimmers and Triathletes", which, in particular, talk about the classification of freestyle swimmers. The authors distinguish six types of swimmers, each of which has its own characteristics of swimming technique and its own character traits: Arnie, bambino, striker, glider, swinger and smooth. swingerSwingers are almost always experienced swimmers with years of swimming behind them, often from a young age. The classic swinger has shorter strokes than other types of swimmers, but he compensates for this feature with their high frequency; such a recognizable energetic manner of performance is completely natural for them, other performance seems to them incredibly complex and rather strange. The good news is that you don’t need to break this technique at all, you just need to improve it and work hard on developing natural strength and rhythm - then these swimmers can instantly gain exceptional speed, both in the pool and in open water. PAUL: If I told you about a swimmer who does 50 to 52 strokes in a 50m swim, I wouldn't impress you. You are likely to think that he is not a very good swimmer and should have performed a lot less strokes for a given distance. But what if I say that we are talking about the Frenchwoman Laura Manadou, who won gold at the 2004 Athens Olympics in the 400-meter freestyle? Then in Athens, she broke world records at distances of 200 and 400 meters. Laura and swimmers like her defy the conventional wisdom that you must always use a long stroke to be effective. All in all, it's time to meet the "swinger", a fast and efficient swimmer, whose abilities, however, were clearly underestimated and not welcomed - until now! See Laura's swim here: www.swimsmooth.com/manadou » Swinger swimmer The high stroke rate observed in swingers indicates that they perform shoulder rotations with a smaller angle compared to smooth swimmers. This means that their hands are carried away from the body rather than over it. At the same time, “swingers” carry out a carry with a more straightened arm. Swinging straight arms during the carry is a characteristic sign of a “swinger”, in fact, because of this, the name of this type of swimmers went. When it comes to speed, the performance of swingers can vary greatly depending on the level of sophistication of their skills. "Swingers" who have not optimized their technique can swim at about 1:45 for 100m, while elite-level swingers can swim 1:00 at such a 100m distance, giving the same performance as smoothies at swims of 400 meters or more. Swingers have a natural inclination to swim long distances. As a rule, they do not like sprinting. They are very sociable and like to quickly get down to business, without delay or much thought. Adam: “The movements of swingers, when viewed from above the water, can seem choppy and imperfect. Over the years, this is what has caused bad reviews in the swimming world. When video equipment for underwater photography was invented, it became possible to observe movements from another wonderful angle: underwater. From here, the technique of the perfected swinger seems like real poetry in motion: wonderful capture, perfect rhythm and coordination - all this gives the impression of a well-oiled system working in perfect harmony! PAUL: “When I ask planers to think about what moves they can cut, they can come up with just about any move they can think of. But try asking the same question to a swinger and you'll likely get a blank stare or an answer along the lines of "There's nothing to cut!" The swinger's ability (and preference) to turn off his brain and just float is an advantage, no matter how you look at it. Thoughtful work on swimming technique and exercises is very important (and swingers can often be accused of skimping on this part of swimming science), but in everything else it is very important to take it and just swim. This is where all swingists are. "Stop talking, let's get into the water!" is one hundred percent their motto.” Swingers who have not perfected their technique may make mistakes such as laying, scissoring, and hasty catches, but the basic technique of striking and rhythm is always followed. If you're a swinger but your technique has worn out over the years, you need to spend some time practicing and practicing. You will polish your technique fairly quickly and will soon be able to get back to your favorite pastime: long and fast swims! Swinger and open water swimmingOpen water swimming is the natural forte of swingers, in this environment they really lead the way. The high stroke rate helps them literally break through the ripples and wave wake that other swimmers leave behind. Swingers, with their natural propensity for competitions that require more endurance, are most suited to long-distance swims. Even though talented swimmers with longer, smoother strokes can beat them in the pool, swingers will always pay them back in open water. How to become a swingerIn many ways, swingers fall into two categories: those who are naturally endowed with a certain technique (classic swingers) and those who have learned it as needed. Many swimmers with short stature or short arms are forced to use accelerated motions in order to swim quickly and efficiently. They strive to become "swingers" by working on their technique. Others seek to improve performance over long distances in open water or triathlon. So even if they can swim smooth, they choose to learn swing technique to improve their performance in certain competition conditions. Such athletes can often switch from one style to another at will. Don't jump to the conclusion that all swimmers with long arms are smooths and all swimmers with short arms are swingers. And if the second statement is likely to be true, then the first is far from always true. There are many long-arm swimmers who are naturally gifted with very fast "swinging" techniques, such as Laura Manadoo and Shelley Taylor-Smith. Swimming legend Shelley Taylor-Smith demonstrates an improved swinging style: she grabs with her elbow bent while her arm swings from the side in a sweeping motion. Classic mistakes of swingers who have not perfected their techniqueSwingers are experienced swimmers, for this reason their technique does not need fundamental changes. Instead, they likely need to tweak a few things a bit, removing any hint of jamming, improving their gripping technique, and perhaps solidifying the two-hit match.
Sam has all three of the most common swinger mistakes at the same time: holding his breath, entering with his thumb, and inserting his hand beyond the line centered on the axis of the body. For a complete description of the swinger's error handling, see Appendix B of the book Swimming Efficiently. Efficient swimming. Methods of training swimmers and triathletes / Paul Newsom, Adam Young; per. from English. - M.: Mann, Ivanov and Ferber, 2013. - 400 p. (Sport drive). Published with the permission of the publisher. |
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Almost all the strongest swimmers of our day are distinguished by an athletic physique. Their musculature is sculpted due to the large additional weight training they do on dry land. It increases the strength of certain muscle groups of the trunk, shoulder girdle and arms and reduces it in those muscles that are less important in swimming. And this is evidence that today we are "using" our body more purposefully and efficiently than ever before.
Previous ideas about body types ideal for certain swimming methods are outdated.
Not so long ago, for example, it was believed that a champion swimmer should be large, tall, strong. Today we are talking only about strength, because we first of all strive to develop the necessary power in our body. It is this ability - to show power - that is decisive. This means that if a short and slender swimmer has sufficient strength, he will move through the water faster than a tall and large one. The old truth is that a good tall athlete always outperforms
a good athlete of small stature, has significantly lost its strength.
The physique of the strongest swimmers of our days has
much more pronounced specific features compared to earlier times. Modern swimmers began to devote more time to the development of those muscle groups that carry the main load when swimming. To do this, they use isometric, isotonic, general developmental exercises and weight training. Women's swimming stars also began to look physically more developed. However, they are not as large and heavy as their predecessors, who had to carry the burden of excess weight. They have slender waists, slim and strong
legs, especially in the thighs, where former champions used to
a lot of extra. Only in the breaststroke swimming method, in which in former times slender and light athletes performed better, today we see mainly swimmers of the muscular type. In other ways of swimming, body buoyancy turned out to be a more important property than height and muscle mass. In general, athletes with insufficient
buoyancy, it is better to specialize in sprint swimming, where they can compensate for this lack of power of movement. On the contrary, athletes with good buoyancy, lying high on the surface of the water, have an advantage in swimming for medium and long distances.
The buoyancy of an athlete can be determined using
scientific methods. A less accurate, but quite acceptable for a specialist, way to determine the buoyancy of an athlete is to suggest that he lie in the water without moving.
I remember when I started working with John Conrads,
noticed that he had better buoyancy than other boys. He could not float on the very surface of the water, but he did not sink as deep as the others. I noticed the same thing with Murray Rose, the Scot Ian Black, the American Roy Saari, the Japanese Yamanaka and other outstanding swimmers. There were exceptions, such as Bob Windle, who had poor buoyancy, but successfully performed at a distance of 1500 meters.
Sometimes the structure of muscle tissue changes as swimmers mature. At first, when they have good buoyancy, it helps to achieve high results at all distances. Then the specific weight of the body increases, buoyancy decreases, and the athletes switch to sprint distances.
More recently, there has been a point of view that, by studying
swimmer's physique, it is possible to identify the most suitable swimming method and distance for him. It was believed that undersized and strong swimmers should be oriented to long distances, tall and broad-shouldered - to sprint, and powerful healthy men should be specialized in butterfly. Coaches preferred athletes with a slim figure and smooth muscles. However, too often this resulted in an error. In our time, the necessary muscles can be created in the gym in accordance with the intent of the coach.
Bob Windle was neither broad-shouldered nor stocky. His
body type does not fit into any category, and the specialization of such athletes depends on the decision of the coach.
Of course, when determining the sprint or stayer direction, the swimmer's temperament plays an important role.
A stayer swimmer must have great psychological stability and a balanced character. To him
the ability to train for a long time in solitude should be inherent. It seems that Murray Rose said that a stayer swimmer is a person of a closed and concentrated nature, a person "in himself." If so, then a good sprinter
He is a sociable and lively person. It is a vigorous and agile type with a steel spring and in
character and muscle.
A swimmer must also have a good heart capable of
quickly return to normal after intense exercise; a heart capable of working powerfully, supplying the muscles
oxygenated body during times of great exertion, such as swimming at top speed.
Identifying potential champions among very young swimmers is not easy, and of course, we are not at all immune to mistakes. After all, most of the necessary qualities that I spoke about are not immediately noticeable. In addition, I am sure that regardless of the level of development of physical qualities, the future champion swimmer must have a sense of water. Its pronounced presence in some swimmers is striking when they are just making the first rowing movements. Other athletes can never acquire this quality, despite the diligence in training.
If you find that this or that young man has
feeling the water, check its buoyancy. If you like him here, evaluate his temperament, psyche. If he survives this test, you can be sure that he has the opportunity to become a great swimmer. Time will tell if you are right.
For a swimmer and his coach, the highest honor is winning an Olympic gold medal. This means much more than setting a world record, because if
the swimmer achieved victory at the Olympics, his name becomes immortal in the history of swimming. For many years in the tables of world records flashed names now forgotten - the names of people who beat the stopwatch, but failed to win the Olympic title.
It is one thing to compete with a stopwatch without feeling the pressure of competition with rivals, and it is completely different to beat the strongest swimmers in the world in the conditions of the colossal tension of wrestling in the Olympic final. That is why the most difficult of all problems for a coach is not the preparation of an athlete who can swim the fastest, but the education of an athlete who can swim the fastest in the most intense
competition conditions. Very often, swimmers who perform almost fantastically at state or national championships, when the pressure is relatively low, cannot repeat their results at the Olympics or set a time close to their record. And it's not that they don't try to do it. In fact, many of them are trying too hard, harder than it is possible. In most cases, this happens according to
the reason that they cannot show their highest achievements at any time when it is necessary, and they have insufficient competitive experience. I would call these athletes "mood swimmers".
At every major competition, you can meet dozens of gifted swimmers who lack self-confidence, confidence in their sportsmanship. These swimmers come not only from Australia, but also from the UK, Holland, Japan, Sweden, Finland, New Zealand, South America, and to a lesser extent from the GDR and the FRG. On the contrary, American swimmers feel confident and know well what they need to do when they jump into the water. They are thoroughly aimed at intense competition. This is explained by the fact that the Americans have an excellent system of age group competitions. US swimmers have competed regularly since the age of eight. If they win in their hometown, they go to state competitions, zonal competitions, and finally the national championships for their age group. They are trained to perform at their best even if, say, they are a little tired from not eating or sleeping well the previous night, or they have a slightly upset stomach. They are well prepared to fight for their best seconds in the competition thanks to the great competitive spirit,
forcing them to win against their peers, and if this does not work out the first time, they try to win again and again.
Apart from the very obvious advantages that the age group system gives swimmers in terms of gaining competitive experience, it also helps to break up the monotony of training. It is much easier to develop the physical abilities of a young swimmer in competition with children of his age than to force
him alone to swim countless stretches in the pool. Competition gives him pleasure. He is happy to be in a group of peers, and with the growth of the skill of this group, he himself grows. I have often seen a child who had just said that he was very tired, in order to swim another segment with the help of foot movements and with a board in his hands, or to perform some similar light exercise, immediately jumped into the water and swam with full exertion, competing with their peers.
Swimmers disagree on how much work in the water the youngest swimmers should do. Those who develop early can naturally swim long distances. Work experience has shown me that if very
If a young swimmer is able to swim 800 or 1500 meters well, then he should be allowed to do so. I usually train junior swimmers twice a day with naps in between sessions whenever possible. They swim between two and two and a half miles per session. I try to give them one full day of rest per week, although I have noticed that this
day they somewhat lose their sense of water. But I think that the psychological gain from rest is greater than the loss from losing the sense of water. In addition, children are allowed not to train on Saturday and Sunday afternoons. If the rest is arranged on Friday, then in the evening we try to participate in competitions. All the same, in the eyes of the child, this day remains a day of rest, probably due to the fact that a change of scenery is taking place.
I organize children into groups according to their abilities. If, say, I have 12 children of different ages, I combine the 6 strongest in one group and let them compete with each other, and the rest, the weakest, form another group. Joint swimming of equal athletes creates additional incentives
in training and allows you to fully use the benefits of group work. For example, if the training is to swim 1500 meters for a time, I combine into one swimmers all swimmers with results of 6.00 and better at a distance of 400 meters, and they start first. Behind them start all those whose result at a distance of 400 meters is 6.30. Positioning them in this way or even sending a friend a workout to a lot of young swimmers. In a pool with 8 lanes, it is not difficult to work for a while with 60 young swimmers at the same time.
Working with swimmers in age groups gives the coach the most satisfaction in his work. Very often during one season they achieve such great success that the coach cannot but rejoice at the results of his work. Of course, when educating very young athletes there are always problems, but they are minimized by the system of age groups.
Sprint swimming requires maturity and strength, and for this reason, there are few good sprinters among young swimmers. But they
can show amazing results in swimming for medium and long distances. Still, it's a great success for a coach to find a swimmer who can show real speed in 50 or 100 meters. They are usually young
early development, with strong muscles. A great example of this type of swimmer is Australian sprinter Mike Wenden. At the age of 13, he swam 110 yards freestyle in 58.5 seconds. At age 16, he posted 53.8 at 110 yards and 1:57.3 at 220 yards.
At the beginning of the season, my students usually start in the 50m, then I soon move on to the 400m and 800m for the simple reason that it is difficult to get consistent progress in the 50m. In sprint swimming, the improvement is a fraction of a second, while at long distances, an athlete often loses from 2 to 4 minutes in one season. This gives a sense of satisfaction to both the athlete and the coach. Encouraged by this marked improvement, we then move on to a heavy sprint workout.
It is difficult to overestimate the importance of age group training in maintaining a long-term interest in swimming. Each coach should take care to support athletes with average talent, including them in groups.
swimmers with appropriate training. Who knows, maybe this child will become a champion later. After all, it is possible that it just develops late.
Many coaches have to meet with parents who would like their children to swim well, but ... without weight training and without excessive physical exertion. Parents say at the same time that their children do not want to be champions. Sometimes it seems to me that these parents are just insuring themselves in case the child really fails to become an outstanding swimmer.
It's amazing how much emotion can be evoked in a group of young swimmers by setting 200m and 400m standards in different ways and setting the athletes up to meet those standards. They are eager to beat the control time, and this process gives them pleasure. You can set standards for individual swimmers. This is perhaps the best way to
ensure the greatest growth for each athlete.
I have seen children swim one length of the pool at the beginning of the season, and by the end of the year they have become the strongest in their group.
For many years I have experimented with different types of training programs in age groups. Sometimes throughout the week he gave the same load at each training session or a different program for morning and evening classes. Sometimes for a month I changed the training plan every 2 days or did not give any other exercises other than distance swimming. Trying to find the best training program, I came to the conclusion that it is better to hide the content of the upcoming session from the athletes until the coach arrives at the pool.
When they do not know what awaits them, they remain enthusiastic. But if you give them the same job for more than 2 days in a row, they lose interest in training and their mood drops.
In age groups, versatile swimming training is advisable. The use of all four swimming methods in training, regardless of the swimmer's specialization, increases sparring opportunities and competitive spirit. Usually athletes who have achieved high results in one way of swimming, as a rule, master the others quite well.
As you know, coaching experience is manifested not only in the ability to prepare a good athlete, but also in the ability to find a more gifted one.
In connection with the insufficient development of the scientific basis for selection, it is especially important to study and disseminate best practices in the practical work of trainers. Based on this, we set the task to find out, using a questionnaire survey (including 26 questions), on what grounds coaches select children in the pool, what exercises are used in the selection, what they consider to be the main and what is secondary, etc. The survey involved 107 of the most productively working coaches of our country.
What did the analysis of personal data show?
Age of applicants. About 95% of the interviewed coaches take into account their age at the first stages of selection of newcomers. Of these, 13% of coaches prefer to recruit beginners 5-6 years old, 43% -7-8 years old, 34% -9-10 years old and 10% - over 10 years old.
External data (physique). The greatest preference for visual assessment is given by 91% of coaches. 64% of coaches use exercises in water and 46% on land.
This indicates that today the coach decides whether to leave the child in the Youth Sports School or not, focusing mainly on his appearance. Coaches seek to recruit children who are tall (91% of coaches), slender (68%), light in weight (55%), with long muscles (54%), and good posture (31.8%) for swimming lessons. By the way, the coaches of the GDR are mainly guided by the same morphological features during selection.
Of the additional information given by coaches on the issue of physique, the following are interesting. Preference is given to boys and girls with broad shoulders and a narrow pelvis (T. I. Talyanskaya), slender, "lean", with a narrow pelvis (G. V. Yarotsky), with long limbs, large hands and feet (S. S. Borodchak , Yu. P. Burmensky, Yu. F. Zheleznoye, A. M. Karpova, I. M. Koshkin, L. P. Kreer, etc.).
Trainers note the importance of such a sign as thin wrists and joints (O. P. Rimsh, I. M. Chumakova), indicating the lightness of the bone skeleton, as well as the volume and structure of the chest (F. B. Zhitkova, Z. T. Pakhomova ), characterizing the functionality of the respiratory system and buoyancy.
Honored coach of the RSFSR N. M. Nesterova considers “dry” legs and “sharp” knees for beginners to be one of the positive signs that determine successful swimming lessons. Honored coach of the USSR I. Yu. Kistyakovsky names the lightness of the legs and the relative strength of the arms as the main indicator of the prospects of a beginner.
Due to the fact that the morphological features of a person are closely related to his functional indicators, it is possible to determine by appearance a predisposition, for example, to work of a speed-strength nature (anaerobic productivity) or to work that requires endurance (aerobic productivity).
The studies we conducted on the strongest young swimmers in Moscow showed that children with the best results in 50 and 100 m freestyle swimming have greater weight, shoulder width, hip circumference, height, arm and leg length. At medium and long distances, athletes of lighter weight, with less muscle mass, with thin wrists and ankles, with better streamlining and buoyancy, with a greater ability to resist fatigue (the ability to “endure”), are successful.
Named coaches and a number of other factors that should be taken into account when selecting. Among them are the proximity of the place of residence of those coming from the pool (67% of coaches), the general appearance of the child, complexion, characterizing health, physique (72%), the sports background of parents (68% of coaches).
Many coaches (N. M. Nesterova, T. A. Klembrovskaya, O. N. Prokhorov, etc.) prefer to select children who are quick-witted, have “live” eyes, and do well in secondary schools.
Selection exercises. Coaches use various exercises (tests), which reveal such qualities as flexibility, body streamlining and buoyancy, physical fitness, etc. Exercises are especially widely used to test flexibility (87%): torso tilts in different directions, all kinds of abductions and adductions arms, flexion and extension in the ankle joints, abduction of the arms up and back (mobility in the shoulder joints), rotation of the arms; imitation of the work of the legs "crawl"; performing a "bridge" or exercise such as reaching the angle of the shoulder blade with the opposite hand.
To determine the ability to relax, O. P. Rimsh and G. V. Yarotsky offer the following test: taking the beginner’s hand by the palm, hold it in the air, forcing all her muscles to relax, then let go; at the same time, the hand should fall down like a “lash” - sluggishly but “lifelessly”.
The functionality of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems more than 30% of respondents consider it necessary to identify using the Stange test (determination of the duration of breath holding).
In water, according to 31.4% of the coaches, the most effective in determining the giftedness of children are exercises in sliding without moving the legs and swimming with a board with movements of the legs.
Main criteria for inclusion in training groups. All coaches put health indicators (99% of coaches), diligence (99%), and working capacity in the first place. (99%), desire to go swimming and attendance (98%), mastering the technique of swimming (98%), school performance (78%).
The most typical signs of good swimming technique are: high body position, streamlining and buoyancy (56% of coaches), rhythm (36%), “progression” from stroke (33%), as well as softness, lightness and freedom of movement (N. A. Alexandrova, T. I. Talyanskaya, G. V. Yarotsky).
Concerning the differences between the selection of boys and girls, the coaches note that girls need to be recruited to the Youth Swimming School earlier (by age) by 1-2 years, since their dropout for various reasons is greater than that of boys. Regarding the criteria for the selection of girls and boys, the coaches express the following opinions: “I give preference to emotional and independent boys, tall and emotional girls” (V. L. Krasilnikov);
“For boys, I pay attention to the length of the legs, for girls - to height and general physical development” (A. N. Davitashvili); “It is very important for girls to pay attention to the prospects for physical development” (I. Yu. Kistyakovsky).
Of practical interest is such, for example, a characteristic given by experienced coaches: boys quickly get used to water and learn sports methods of swimming, they are bolder than girls, but girls are more disciplined, they master movements better, have more stable attention and greater diligence, it is easier with them, calmer; boys overestimate their abilities more, and girls underestimate them, they are more likely to be afraid of water; boys come to the pool themselves, girls are more bashful, they are mostly brought; girls need to be more interested, but it is easier to deal with them, as they are more attentive, more organized, quickly grasp the trainer's explanations; great demands are needed for boys, you need to be “tough” with them; girls demand more gentleness in handling.
Psychological qualities of the future champion, his character. Even the highest qualities will not be realized in a sports result without the active mobilization of the moral and volitional resources of the individual. And such mobilization is impossible without will, character, purposefulness.
Answering the questionnaire, the coaches indicate that the character traits of the future champion should be devotion to sports, enthusiasm, desire to become a champion (M. S. Farafonov, V. A. Gushcha, N F. Kryukova, etc.), strong character (L. P. Kreer), independence, inquisitiveness, emotionality, liveliness (N. M. Nesterova, F. B. Zhitkova, V. P. Bannikov). They emphasize that the coach should promote these qualities, not suppress them.
M. N. Kremleva, Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, GTSOLIFK, Moscow
Undoubtedly, swimming has a whole bunch of positive benefits that cannot be ignored when choosing the ideal physical activity for your regular sports, but one of the most significant advantages of swimming is the ability to gain a lean, toned and perfect body. After all, have you ever heard someone say things like, “Oh, that dude has such a cool body! Just a swimmer."
The bodies of swimmers draw attention to themselves because we are usually slim and pumped up. We are usually tall, broad-shouldered with (usually) well-defined abs! Swimmers look trendy, stylish and cool all year round!Here are 9 signs that you have a body like a real champion:
1. You are tall! In most cases!
Look at the elite swimmers in the world, they are usually incredibly tall. For example, among men100m w/s world record holders, born in 1976 and later, average growth rates are approximately 1.92m plus, and the shortest among the world record holders of the US team, Rowdy Gaines, has a height of 1.85m.
If your parents were not Uncle and Aunt Styopa, do not despair. The legendary conqueror of long distances Janet Evans is only 1.65m tall, David Berkoff, the man whose incredible dolphin at the 1988 Olympics in Seoul made everyone open their mouths, has a height of 1.75m. If you take our “contemporaries” with you, then you don’t need to look high, the Japanese superstar Hagino Kasuke (1.77m) is living proof that, despite the general trend, you can swim and shine, having not the highest growth.
2. You are flexible!
Before the start of each swim, Michael Phelps gets up on the pedestal and warms up, making cross swings with his arms, ending with a clap behind his back. Phelps also has incredibly flexible ankles and seemingly inhuman joints, elbows and knees.
The movements required of our body for fast swimming make the latissimus dorsi muscles, shoulders and backs of swimmers flexible. After all, the thousands of overhead sweeps of freestyle strokes in and of themselves add flexibility to our shoulders.
3. You are strong!
Here, I'm not talking about the ability to lift huge weights in the gym, but relative physical strength (although the video in which the famous freestyle lifter Nathan Adrian performs a bench press with 80 kg dumbbells in each of his hands may say otherwise). Michael Phelps doing 30 light pull-ups in one go. And the fragile Natalie Coglin, who easily juggles dumbbells and kettlebells, will completely rub her nose at many jocks. Yes, you most likely will not see how we tear off the muzzle of a tank and throw cars, but we can walk the floor on our hands with relative ease and do a couple of dozen push-ups without sweating.
4. You have pronounced latissimus dorsi muscles!
The latissimus dorsi stretches across your entire back, from your spine to your shoulder. Because of the quadrillions of billions of strokes we do every day for our entire careers, it's these muscles that get, uh, a little bigger. Excessively well-developed back muscles will always be a hallmark that betrays a real swimmer in you.
5. You have the shoulders of a swimmer!
Huge shoulders!
This word is pronounced this way, precisely because this feature is characteristic only for us. The highlight of the swimmer's figure, which is a clear inverted triangle, is massive shoulders. I also call them Megashoulders, and for good reason, because in combination with the developed latissimus dorsi muscles, this feature of our figure makes every trip for clothes a real adventure. Broad shoulders are a kind of business card by which a swimmer recognizes a swimmer from afar, regardless of nation, language or religion.
6. You flow around like a torpedo!
Despite all our (relative) physical strength and the shocking amount of time we spend in the pool and gym, we don't have mountains of muscle and rather have a lean and toned body. After all, success on the water requires that of us. Unlike our terrestrial athletic brothers and sisters, we compete by plunging into an environment that resists our every new move. Water is almost 800 times denser than air at sea level. In order to adapt to such conditions, our bodies must take the form not of a racing car, but rather of a torpedo. More streamlined swimmers always have a slightly better advantage over their more muscular competitors. Swimmers are real, strong "crackers" and this is what allows them to swim quickly and efficiently.
7. Your hair is always damp and frizzy!
A swimmer is not so difficult to distinguish from the rest of the population, just by throwing a quick glance at the top of his head. In the winter season, only a swimmer has damp and disheveled hair from the very early morning, and the entire back of a sweater or shirt is covered with wet spots. In summer, everything is the same, except that 1-2 single treatment of hair with chlorine and the sun gives them the effect of light highlighting. If the swimmer cannot be identified by the hair, do not despair, crimson prints from swimming goggles that flaunt around his eyes at any time of the year will help.
8. Wow, what triceps you have!
Swimmers have beautiful and pumped triceps. Absolutely all swimmers, with the exception of the frog-like breaststrokers, (I say this, probably because I could not master the breaststroke to the fullest and envy you guys) use triceps in the final part of the stroke, which means that each of us during averages just over 3.2 million contractions per tricep throughout his career. After such work, these muscles have no choice but to be beautiful and big.
9. The amount of hair on your body is constantly changing!
Hair is also a part of your body, isn't it? Yes Yes! Sometimes too, sometimes not)
It is this rhetorical question that lies behind the heartbreaking pre-competition chest and back shaving sessions for boys, and the annoyance that fills the girls when they have to explain for hairy legs. No matter how many times we hear: “So what, does it make any difference?” - we will know that the difference is colossal. Only we understand that nothing can replace the feeling when diving into the water for the first time after shaving, you feel how the water itself carries you forward with every stroke!
The article was prepared and translated by the site using materials from the resource: SwimSwam.com / Thanks for the photo: TYR
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