Skiing and shooting, as they call it. Styles and types in cross-country skiing. Harm from skiing

With the onset of winter, people switch from summer species sports for winter. One of the most popular entertainments is skiing. In order for this activity to bring joy and satisfaction and not leave negative impressions, you need to choose the right equipment. All types of skis are distinguished by their purpose, the level of skill of the person and the terrain on which they will have to ski.

Main components of skis

Skis are a device for moving on snow. These are two absolutely identical wooden or plastic planks. They usually have pointed or curved front ends. Attached to legs special devices. To use them you need ski boots. Movement occurs thanks to the ability to slide on the snow.

And their main parts largely depend on the purpose of the equipment, but the elements below remain the same for all categories.

• Shell. The main material is plastic. The main purpose is to protect the ski core from external mechanical damage. Can be a load-bearing element. Consists of many related materials, such as carbon, titanium, rubber, fiberglass, ceramics, Kevlar, graphite, etc.
• Core. The basis of the entire structure. It bears the main load when moving. Reduces ski vibration by absorbing vibration energy. Made from laminated wood. There are cores made of foam materials or polyurethane. Similar elements are used to make models for children and beginner skiers.
• Edges. Thanks to them, all manipulations are carried out while driving. Increases the ski stiffness coefficient. They take on a certain load. They are responsible for edging the skis and should be easy to file or grind.
• Coating. Provides ease of sliding and low friction coefficient. Has high wear resistance. It is processed with a special one. Sliding surfaces made of polyethylene are considered the best. The coating structure can be linear, oblique or herringbone.

Classification of skis and their purpose

And now let’s talk in detail about what types of skis there are by type of design.

• Classic. With a small cut-out waist. They have greater rigidity and alpine installation of fastenings.
• Carving. Features a large side cutout. Characterized by the least rigidity. The mounting arrangement is classic.
• Skiboards. They are marked on the sides with a large cutout. These are, in fact, carving skis, the size of which is less than 1 meter in length. They have a lightweight mount that is not equipped with automatic triggering in case of a fall. They are divided into freeglide skiboards for free skiing on prepared slopes and stunt skiboards.

It should be noted that there is still a more detailed modern classification skis by application. It is presented below.

• Racing. Skis for sport skating. They are often used by professional athletes in special slalom, giant slalom and downhill competitions.
• Cross skis for ski cross. Designed for cross-country skiing on alpine ski slopes, which is part of freestyle.
• Freeride. Wide skis with a waist size of more than 90 mm. Their length is 185-195 cm. Designed for riding on unprepared trails and on virgin lands.
• Allmountain. All-mountain skis. They can be ridden on any terrain, downhill. Suitable for different weather conditions.
• Carving. Short in length with a deep side cut. Used when driving on specially prepared trails. Divided into groups. This is a racing car for experts, similar in design to sports cars. Freecarve is an expert-level carving ski, but insensitive to terrain features. They have high speed stability. Sportscar - for lovers of regular driving on a classic slope.
• Freestyle. Designed for trick riding, jumps of varying difficulty on a regular slope and in a snow park, from cornices, rocks, etc.
• Supercarv (fancarv). Used for “carving” skating without poles. The ride is carried out with a strong collapse of the body onto the surface of the slope. Large side cut helps develop strong centrifugal force.
• Can i. Used for riding and competitions on hillocks (mogul).
• Rentals. They have a wide edge, a thick layer of plastic, and a sliding surface. Suitable for repeated scraping.
• Junior. Children's and teenagers' skis.

There is also a special Sports Equipment for women, children, as well as professional junior skis.

The photo below will demonstrate in more detail what types of skis there are.

Classic skis are gradually becoming a thing of the past, and carving skis are taking their place. The latter have a large side cutout, a modern design, and allow one to achieve static softness while maintaining torsional rigidity.

Types of alpine skiing

Now there are a large number of ski resorts around the world. And this is no coincidence, because riding is now not only a sport, but also an excellent way of active recreation.

And now in more detail about what types of skis there are according to a person’s level of preparedness for performing mountain descents.

• Alpine skiing for beginners. More soft than the rest. They turn faster. The cost is lower compared to equipment for athletes and experts. Available to the general population.
• Alpine skiing for athletes. Hard and elastic. To ride them, you need to master the technique and have good physical training. They have a high cost.
• Alpine skiing for experts and advanced. Designed for people seeking to improve their riding technique. They have an average price level.

This sports equipment differs not only in purpose and level of training of the athlete, but also in its design. Thus, we can determine the following main types of alpine skis by design.

• Cap. Here the role of the “bearing layer” is played by the upper rigid layer, to which the remaining layers are “attached” from below. The core is made of wood or plastic, and sliding surface- made of polyethylene. Here, force layers are placed, differing in degree of rigidity. The outer covering is made of colored plastic and protects the inner base from mechanical damage.
• Sandwich. The design consists of different materials. This structure resembles a sandwich. All layers closely interact with each other, which is reflected in the riding style. The upper and lower layers of skis are made of hard materials. The core can have either a vertical set of components or a horizontal one. For their manufacture, wood, plastic and other materials are used that differ in rigidity in different planes.
• Sidewall. Characterized by the security of the internal layers, which are sealed around the entire perimeter of the ski. The side walls are located above the edges, which provide additional protection.
• Monocoque. This is a modern design, the opposite of a sandwich and a cap. Here the core is coated with synthetic components or is in a metal braid. This structure helps achieve torsional rigidity and prevents the skis from twisting under heavy loads. The skis are stable in turns and move smoothly in an arc. Insensitive to uneven terrain.

These are the main and most popular types of skiing. In fact, there are many more of them. The ski structure is selected individually, based on personal preferences, skills and conditions in which you will have to ride.

Cross-country skiing: varieties

All types are divided according to characteristics and type of movement into the following categories:

• for classic running;
• for skating;
• combined type.

Classic ones are used on groomed ski tracks. Here, athletes touch with both legs together, pushing off with sticks. The length of such skis, unlike skate skis, reaches 207 cm. They have a pointed end and are technically softer. There are serifs on the sliding side. Before skiing, they are lubricated with special ointments to ensure good grip on the snow.

Skate skis are used for running on a well-groomed track, but without ski tracks. Designed for speed skating. This kind of riding forces the entire body to work, with synchronous movement of the lower and upper limbs. The maximum length of the skis reaches 190 cm. They have an extremely rigid structure, especially the middle one. Under the pressure of the leg at the start, the equipment does not bend in the middle, which gives a good push at the very beginning of the ride.

Combined skis incorporate the technical characteristics of the two previous types. Their maximum length reaches 200 cm, which makes them universal and equally suitable for both skiing and skiing. skating equipment ride.

For extreme riding and walking, Backcountry skis are used. They are used in impassable terrain. The base of the ski has additional reinforcement in the form of a metal edge, and the structure is distinguished by a variety of materials. They are expensive and not sold in all stores sports stores. As a rule, they are purchased to order.

About children's and teenagers' skis

Children are put on skis at the age of 2.5-4 years, and adult criteria for the selection of equipment begin to be applied from the age of fourteen, when the child’s growth begins to slow down. Only junior athletes who play sports professionally deviate from this rule.

Types of skis for children are divided into 2 main groups. These are amateur and sports. You should not immediately choose professional equipment, since amateur skis ride softer and are easier to control. The rocker in the toe and heel provides significant assistance to the child when turning, even if he has poor skating technique. They do not develop high speed.

Children's skis have the following characteristics:

• softness of movement;
• deep tapered sides;
• composite core;
• "cap" design.

The most common alpine skis for children are all-mountain skis. Designed for well-trodden mountain trails. As a rule, they are sold together with fasteners.

Twin tips are skis with two rockers. You can ride them both forward and backward. Easily complete a lunge from a jump. Common among teenagers. Their length ranges from 135 to 165 cm. They are recommended for children who have a good command of skating techniques, but do not reach adult equipment.

Children's freeride skis. Wide, designed for driving in deep snow. Require at least minor expert skills. Their length starts from 140 cm.

Sports skis are made for children who are seriously involved in sports. Suitable for those who are confident on skis and have good physical fitness. Significantly different from classic children's models. They have all the parameters of adult professional ski models, but are adapted to the height and weight of children.

Fischer cross-country and alpine skis

Today, there are several global brands that produce skis, whose professionalism is included in the list of the best. This is exactly what Fischer is. Under this brand you can find sports equipment for both beginner skiers and professionals. Types of Fisher skis are divided into mountain and cross-country skis.

For production, high-tech developments are used, such as titanium inserts in the area where the fasteners are mounted to protect the edges. They give a slight deflection to the bar and ensure continuous grip of the edges of the Flowflex platform. A lower-density core reduces the weight of the ski. In addition, these skis have a special tip for freeride. Such elements increase resistance to damage and reduce the effort of the skier. Makes equipment more maneuverable and lighter.

Mountain skiing is also classified into sports (professional), women's, rental and children's.

All types of sports skis from this manufacturer are distinguished by their high cost and excellent quality.

The production of cross-country skis involves such innovations as:

• toe made of carbon high-molecular laminate with a special hole;
• special ski structure;
• diamond application of large grooves (Plus design);
• Air Core with carbon fiber and two-piece construction;
• reinforced edges;
• single and double notches.

All types of cross-country skis are equipped with modern devices that are aimed at reducing the weight of skis and reducing energy loss. Designed for quick return of skis to initial position. Adapted to undeveloped snow. Reduce pressure on skis and speed up glide. Helps you stay on the climb in any weather.

Available for experienced and beginner skiers. There are women's and children's.

How to determine ski stiffness

When choosing equipment, not only the types of skis, but their hardness are taken into account. It is easy to check this parameter. For these purposes, the ski must be placed on the floor and a boot placed on it. There should be a sheet running between the floor and the ski panel. If it does not pass, then the skis are too soft and another option should be considered. Next, you need to stand on the ski with both feet. In this case, there should be no space between the floor and the ski. If it is, then the skis are too hard.

Types of skis and poles by height

Any sports equipment should be selected taking into account the person’s height and weight. Types of skis and poles are selected according to the following rules.

1. Each skiing technique determines its individual approach to the choice of skis and poles. For a ride skating skis must be placed next to you. Their length should be 15 cm above the head. The length of the sticks is chosen as follows. 15-20 cm is subtracted from the skier’s height, this is the optimal length of the poles. As the length of the poles increases, the load on the hands increases. The maximum length should not be above the ear, and the minimum length should not be below the shoulder line.
2. The types of skis for classic skiing are chosen by adding 25-30 cm to your height. This is the optimal length of the ski board. The height of the sticks here should be 25-30 cm below a person’s height.
3. For regular walks, the length of the skis should be no more than 15-25 cm greater than the height of the skier.
4. When purchasing children's skis, you should also consider the child's weight. For children weighing 10-20 kg, skis no longer than 70 cm are suitable, for weight category over 20 kg, you should take skis 90 cm long; for children with a body weight of 30 to 40 kg, skis 100 cm long are suitable. For experienced skiers, longer lengths are allowed. For children over 40 kg, skis are selected 10-15 cm below their height, so that they reach approximately their chin. Sticks for a child are chosen 25-30 cm shorter than their height. The best ones are those with plastic “claws” or “stars” at the end. They help you push off even the loosest snow without hindrance.

Choosing a ski mount

The types of skis and their purposes influence the choice of binding. In order to choose them, it is necessary to take into account such parameters as reliability of adhesion to the boot and ease of uncoupling.

Ideally, if all the equipment is from one manufacturer, then fewer questions will arise when installing bindings on skis. The store often sells bindings complete with skis, but they have a separate cost. All mountain ski bindings are divided according to the type of unfastening from boots in the event of a fall.

Each binding is designed for a specific load, which is calculated based on the skill, weight of the skier and the number of expected falls. A good rider has a significantly higher load than a beginner. Also, when installing bindings, you should take into account the weight of the skier. The number of falls is also important, since in such situations it is necessary to quickly unfasten the boot from the ski. Experienced skiers are advised to use stiffer bindings. Skis with a waist wider than 70 mm have bindings with wide ski stops.

The fasteners are mounted either on special platform, or on the ski itself. The platform and the mountings underneath must be from the same manufacturer. If there are no platforms, then holes for fastenings are drilled in the skis themselves.

About water skiing

Suitable for summer skating. They are divided into two main categories: singles and doubles. The latter are figure and jumping. Singles are classified into figure and slalom.

Figured skis are short skis that are slightly curved on both sides. Jumpers are distinguished by their length and strongly curved front end. A slalom ski has a curved tip and tapers towards the rear end. On one side there is a keel. Water skis, unlike winter skis, are wider, have a special configuration and are made of a special material.

Paired species water skiing selected based on the skier’s weight category.

• In children weighing up to 36 kg, skis with a length of 100-132 cm and a width of 13-15 cm are used.
• For people weighing 35-54 kg, skis with a length of 150-152 cm and a width of 16.5 cm are suitable.
• If a person’s weight is in the range of 54-68 kg, then he needs equipment 167-169 cm long and 16.5 cm wide.
• Persons in the weight category 69-90 kg are recommended to prefer skis whose length is 170-172 cm and width 16.5 cm.
• People weighing over 90 kg should ski with a length between 175-182 cm and a width between 17.5-20 cm.

If the weight is on the border of the categories, then you should prefer the option with larger parameters.

Today, there are pair skis for women, children, people of powerful build, experienced water skiers, etc.

Water skis can be made of either wood or foam plastic (polyurethane foam). The latter is lightweight and glides easier over waves, unlike wood.

SP 31-115-2008: Outdoor physical education and sports facilities. Part 3. Skiing- Terminology SP 31 115 2008: Outdoor physical education and sports facilities. Part 3. Skiing: 3.1.16 Pursuit races. The pursuit race is run as a combined event in which one half is completed in... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

Main article: Type of sport Type of sport a set of types sports competitions, united on the basis of similarity of rules, one sports federation, etc. Contents 1 Game types sports 1.1 ... Wikipedia

Into the program of modern Olympic Games includes 28 summer (41 disciplines) and 7 winter (15 disciplines) sports. For two of them (golf and rugby), competitions are not currently being held within the Olympic Games, and for the first time after a long time... ... Wikipedia

Alpine skier Winter sport is a set of sports performed on snow or ice, that is, mainly in winter. Main winter species ... Wikipedia

Collective name for sports ( sports games) skating, skiing and various types sleds, competitions in which are held on ice and snow. To W. century. With. include: biathlon cross-country skiing with rifle shooting at shooting ranges;… …

Commemorative coins of the Central Bank Russian Federation dedicated to Olympic winter sports. Main article: Commemorative coins of Russia Series: “Sport” Winter views sports The “Winter Sports” series, released in 2009 2010, consists of... ... Wikipedia

- (exercises) collective name for exercises, their combinations, taken from individual sports ( athletics, swimming, skiing, etc.) and having military applied significance; contribute to the development of qualities and skills necessary for... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Ski race- a sport in which athletes need to cover a competitive distance on skis as quickly as possible (usually a specially prepared cross-country track)... Source: SP 31 115 2008. System of regulatory documents in... ... Official terminology

At the start of the Tartu Marathon in Estonia. 2006 Ski race ski races over a certain distance on a specially prepared track among persons of a certain category (in ... Wikipedia

A sport is a set of types of sports competitions, united on the basis of similarity of rules, one sports federation, etc. A sport from the point of view of the IOC Traditionally from the point of view of the International Olympic Committee... ... Wikipedia

Books

• La neige et la glace: Sports olympiques d'hiver / Snow and ice. Winter Olympic sports. Textbook, I. M. Matyushin, E. M. Solntsev. Tutorial for French translators "Snow and Ice. Winter Olympic Sports" is addressed to higher education students educational institutions(bachelors, specialists and masters), students...

skiing

Skiing - collection of different types winter sports, in competitions in which athletes use skis. Includes cross-country skiing over various distances, ski jumping, Nordic combined (cross-country skiing and ski jumping), alpine skiing and others. Originated in Norway in the 18th century. The International Federation - FIS (FIS; founded in 1924) - consists of about 60 states (1991). Skiing has been part of the Winter Olympics from the very beginning Winter Olympics(since 1924). World Championships have been held since 1925 (officially since 1937). In Russia, skiing is developed by the Russian Ski Sports Association (RSA - Russian Ski Association), which is the only official representative in the FIS.

Skiing can be divided into 4 broad categories:

Nordic events, or cross-country skiing, ski orienteering, ski jumping, Nordic combined (or Nordic combination) - ski jumping followed by a cross-country ski race.

Alpine types, or almost all types of skiing: downhill, giant slalom, super-giant slalom, slalom, alpine skiing combination, where the champion is determined by the sum of two events - downhill and slalom, as well as team competitions.

Freestyle (skiing), or skiing down a slope with elements of acrobatic jumps and ballet (mogul, ski acrobatics).

Snowboarding, or competitions in which athletes compete on a special board - a snowboard.

There are sports (both Olympic and non-Olympic) that include elements of skiing:

biathlon - ski racing with rifle shooting, a very popular separate sport in many countries, is included in the Olympic Games program, like skiing;

archery biathlon - a ski race with archery (sometimes called sky arch);

Ski touring is elements of alpine skiing combined with short trips on skis (a type of sports tourism).

History of skiing

The Norwegians showed the greatest interest in skiing as a sport. Back in the early 18th century, Norway trained its troops in skiing. Towards the end of the same century, competitions began to be held in various types skiing, reminiscent of modern biathlon, downhill, slalom and racing.

There, at the beginning of the 19th century, the world's first sports ski community was created. After this, a ski club was opened in Finland. Later, similar ski clubs began to appear in many countries in Europe, America and Asia.

By the end of the 19th century, skiing competitions began to be held in almost all countries of the world. At the beginning of the 20th century, an organization such as the International Ski Commission was created, later renamed the International Ski Federation.

History of the development of skiing

In Russia organized ski movement developed in the second half of the 19th century. In 1895, the country's first ski club was opened - the Moscow Ski Club. This event took place on December 29, which later became the birthday of skiing in Russia.

Since the beginning of the 20th century, cross-country skiing competitions have been regularly held in our country. Already in 1909-1910. A record number of competitions were held at that time. The first cross-country skiing competition for women was held in 1921.

In 1913, Russian ski racers took part for the first time in international competitions in Sweden. And although their performance was unsuccessful, they learned many useful lessons from this experience, especially in ski equipment, ski wax and ski equipment, and most importantly, ski technique.

Since 1918, skiing in Russia has been included in the number of academic disciplines of higher professional education. physical education. For the period from 1910 to 1955. A total of 76 national championships were held. Men competed at distances of 10 and 70 km, and women – 3 and 50 km.

Skiing is one of the most common and accessible winter sports. It is so popular that in addition to natural ones, artificial “snowy peaks” are created for training. The types of skiing are so diverse that everyone can choose an activity based on their level of activity and extremeness.

For the first time, an invention that helped a person move faster in the snow was mentioned in history among the peoples of the Caucasus. Cave paintings dating back 2 thousand years depict ski-like objects of varying widths and lengths. The name “skis” is mentioned in Slavic chronicles.

The northern peoples were the first to think of using this means of transportation to improve health and development. physical qualities person.

Emergence sports competitions contributed to the village game "Snake". In it, participants skied and had to throw a dart. This game corresponds to modern biathlon.

In the Middle Ages, special military ski troops appeared in Norway. Almost everything is used to prepare them: riding, running, jumping and descending from a mountain peak.

In Russia, this sport began to emerge at the end of the 18th century. In 1895, the first skiing club was opened in the capital. Two years later, the Polar Star center appeared, the main goal of which was to transform winter recreation into a sports discipline.

Since 1910, international competitions began to be organized. At the first official Winter Olympics (1924), the whole world learned what skiing is. At first it was represented by extreme skating, then the classification of types began to expand.

Thanks to Soviet programs that were aimed at producing a healthy generation, this type of sports activity was included in the physical training of preschoolers and school students.

Skiing: advantages and features

A complete set of high-quality equipment for a skier requires a lot of money, but, nevertheless, the number of fans of skiing is only growing. What is the secret of such popularity?

Classic skiing has many advantages over other types of sports activity.

1. Diversity. Each workout may differ in distance and route. It can include various figure and extreme elements, obstacles, and descents of various heights. Depending on the snow condition, the skier chooses one or another type of skiing.
2. This sport uses almost all muscles at the same time. If you ride actively, it works rib cage, muscles of the lower and upper extremities, is worked out inner part hips, lower legs, strengthens the back and shoulder girdle.
3. Classes are held on fresh air, which enriches all organs with oxygen. Mountain winter landscapes have a beneficial effect on the nervous system, relieve tension and stress.
4. In childhood, skiing helps all-round development. It not only strengthens physical health, but also develops in the child such qualities as discipline, will, team spirit, endurance, and courage.
5. The specificity of this winter sport involves practicing at low temperatures. This promotes hardening, increases resistance to cold and viral diseases.
6. Variety of skiing types and their a brief description of allows you to practice at any age and at any level of training. A person can regulate the load himself, choosing the optimal level of difficulty of the route and the duration of the distance.

Professional skiers do not have back problems. They are also bypassed cervical osteochondrosis. Such loads strengthen spinal column, intervertebral discs.

The definition of “skiing” includes all types of skiing, including snowboarding.

Types of skiing: general characteristics

Let's consider short description the most popular ways of skiing.

• Slalom or downhill

In the professional classification, it is the most spectacular competition among extreme skiers. On certain sections of the route, downhill speeds can exceed 130 km/h. The slalom course includes the tightest turns, wall drops, holes, ridges and turns among the trees. For orientation, red or blue flags are installed to guide the skier.

• Freestyle

It is a freestyle exercise that includes various spins, jumps, somersaults and other spectacular elements. Available in three varieties:

• Mogul includes 2 distances. First, the skier overcomes the descent along a slope with frequent bumps and bumps. Then he demonstrates the difficulty of jumping on special springboards;
• acrobatics. Here the athlete must make several jumps one after another. Jumping boards vary in height and slope;
• Slopestyle is represented by a slope with a slope and various obstacles. Skiers must not easily overcome the railings and walls with a race, but do it masterfully with acrobatic jumps.

• Ski jumping

Included in the Olympic program. The assessment includes several parameters: jump distance and height, correct execution turns, technicality and efficiency. A skier performs a jump after a run from a specially equipped springboard.

• Race

Competitive cross-country skiing along a predetermined route. The distance is laid along natural terrain. It is allowed to perform in 2 styles of skating: skating and classic. The speed of the route is estimated.

• Biathlon

Which involves the use of a rifle for shooting, on specially created target shooting ranges. This takes into account the time it takes to complete the route, as well as the number of hits at the firing line. The athlete fires 5 shots. Misses with a shotgun are punishable by a penalty loop. The style of movement on the highway is free. There is an option for biathlon on snowshoes and roller skis. Biathlon is also included in ski relay races.

• Nordic combined

Consists of 2 disciplines - jumping and racing. The first option uses special jump skis. The jump must comply with the established parameters. The race is carried out on flat skis along a predetermined route. Overall result consists of the average grade for 2 disciplines.

Interesting! Combined is the only skiing sport entered into the Olympic Games that does not have female athletes.

• Snowboard

Originated in the USA. The name literally means “snow board”. This is a type of winter sport in which descent from a mountain peak is carried out using a special equipment - a snowboard. It is presented in the form of a wide ski. The technicality of the movements, the height and steepness of the descent, and time are assessed.

It is gaining popularity because the board has good maneuverability and practicality. At many ski resorts there are special centers for. Became Olympic form sport only in 1998. In 2006, a new variety appeared - snowboard cross. A para-snowboard was invented for people with disabilities.

• Sports (winter) orienteering

A skiing competition in which participants need to visit all the points marked on the map for a while. The athlete has only a compass and a map indicating the area. Most of the route is covered on freestyle skis. However, there are pedestrian sections on the route. The skier carries all the equipment on himself. The main thing in this sport is the ability to navigate in unfamiliar snowy terrain. Control stops must be found sequentially, otherwise they may not be counted.

Officially, winter orienteering is a part of cross-country skiing and is called a marked route (grid). Usually it is only 1 m wide, making overtaking almost impossible. What is important here is not only the skill of ski control, but also the ability to quickly react to the terrain, finding the correct and safe route.

Everything about skiing, its types and subtypes cannot be described in one article. Skiing gives everyone the opportunity to find a useful hobby to their liking. Thanks to modern technologies, it is not tied to the time of year. Artificial snow centers are now being created that have underground ski routes.

Skiing includes several independent sports:

• 1. cross-country skiing;
• 2. biathlon;
• 3. ski jumping;
• 4. Nordic combined;
• 5. skiing;
• 6. snowboarding;
• 7. freestyle.

Ski race - skiing competitions, usually cross-country on a specially prepared track. Classic distances: for men - individual races of 10, 15 km (18 km before 1952), 30 and 50 km, as well as a 4x10 km relay; for women - individual races of 5, 10, 15 (since 1989), 30 km (in 1978-1989 - 20 km), as well as a 4x5 km relay (until 1970 - 3x5km).

Biathlon arose as a result of skiing and shooting competitions held over the years in our country and abroad. The first competitions in skiing with shooting were held in 1767 in Norway.

Among the three numbers of the program, 2 prizes were provided for skiers who, while descending from a slope of medium steepness, would hit a specific target with a gun at a distance of 40-50 steps. Despite its early origins, biathlon has not become widespread in other countries.

Ski jumping - type of skiing. Competitions are held only among men from the medium (90 m) and large (120 m) springboards (initially: 70 and 90 m, respectively). The jump is assessed in terms of execution technique (using a 20-point system) and flight length. Competitors perform two attempts.

Nordic combined(northern combination) - a type of skiing that includes a 15 km race and a jump from a 90-meter (originally from a 70-meter) springboard. The competition is held over two days (on the first day - jumping, on the second - racing). Only men participate. Scoring is carried out according to the “Gunderson system” (developed by a Norwegian specialist): the difference in points obtained on the jump is converted into seconds, as a result, the participants begin the race from a common start, but with the handicap earned the day before, the one who crosses the finish line first wins.

Skiing - descent from the mountains on skis along special routes marked with gates, with time recording.

Includes: - downhill, - slalom, - giant slalom, - super-giant, - all-around events consisting of them. Competitions are held among women and men.

The length of the downhill tracks is 2000-3500 m, the number of gates is 15-25; the length of the slalom tracks is 450-500 m, the number of gates for women is 50-55, for men - 60-75; The length of the giant slalom course is up to 2000 m, the number of gates is 50-75; The length of the super-G track is up to 2500 m. Developed in Austria, Switzerland, France, Italy, Germany, USA, Canada, Norway, Sweden. The Olympic Games have been part of the program since 1936, and the World Championships have been held since 1931.

Snowboarding(English snowboarding, from snowboard - ski board), a type of skiing - descending a snowy slope on a wide edged ski (foot bindings are installed across the line of movement).

Freestyle(English free style - free, free style) - a type of alpine skiing, includes three varieties: 1. mogul - downhill skiing alpine skiing along a bumpy track with two mandatory figure jumps; 2. the so-called ski ballet - descent from the mountains performing various dance figures (steps, rotations, turns, etc.); 3. ski jumping with a series of acrobatic figures (somersaults, pirouettes, etc.).